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Examples: Jilu axona, Azerbaijan Jewish axxona/axona (Garbell 1965, 297), Tisqopa axona (Rubba, personal communication) (20) The definition of to have ‘brother’, aha inside BT, features while doing so become enhanced, although this form…
(20) The definition of to have ‘brother’, aha inside BT, features while doing so become enhanced, although this form is additionally found in Turoyo. Hertevin has both ?aha and ?ahona (Jastrow 1988, 180), however, Mandaic has only aha (Macuch 1965, 495).
(21) One to instead mysterious product that’s attested in all NENA languages except Sanandaj Christian (and therefore probably simply a go gap regarding evidence) is aqla ‘foot’. Krotkoff (1985, 130-31) argues that keyword derives in the sources ql ‘to be crooked’. The dialects use the mode aqla, but Koy Sanjaq aqla and you may Tisqopa (?)aqIlta.
(22) Various other keyword discussed by Krotkoff (1985, 131-thirty-two, 134) was baxta ‘woman’, that has supplanted the brand new Syriac atta in most NENA, yet not into the Turoyo otherwise Mandaic. Which word seems to derive from Kurdish baxt ‘honor’. It is fascinating to notice you to definitely an uneven plural endures when you look at the multiple languages: Tisqopa (?)InsI, Azerbaijan Jewish nise, and you will Halabja inse.
(23) An unexpected creativity pointed out because of the Noldeke (1868, 59) was rxata, equal to Syriac rhat. The change of h so you can x within one word try used in most of the NENA dialects where in actuality the verb are attested. Examples: Sanandaj Christian raxet (Panoussi 1990), Urmi r-x-D (Hetzron 1969, 123), Jilu rxata, Hertevin rahet (Jastrow 1988, 222).
(24) Other unforeseen creativity is the NENA verb ‘fear’, that takes the new variations zda?good, zdaya, and you may zdala from the some languages. Macuch and you will Panoussi (1974, 50) offer a possible derivation regarding Syriac ezda za ‘be shaken’. Forms towards infixed d are found in every this new NENA languages in which the sources are attested: Halabja ilha zadyane ‘God-dreading (pl.)’, Jilu +zdale ‘he feared’, Aradhin iza:dIl ‘he fears’ (Krotkoff 1982, 78), Zakho zde?lu ‘they feared’ (Sabar 1988, 1).(9)
I think your above causes it to be obvious that NENA languages display many special traits being receive neither in the last attested forms of Aramaic nor in the most other living dialects. These features diversity across the domain names from phonology, morphology, together with lexicon.
Especially, all dialects out-of NENA concur inside the criteria dos, nine, fourteen, 15, sixteen, 21, and 22. Every languages where i have advice along with agree on requirements 20, 23, and you can 24.
All but Halabja agree inside the requirements 8 and you may 11. Traditional 6 is found in all languages but Halabja, Hertevin, and you may Sanandaj Religious.
Even after their internal divisions, the fresh NENA dialects means a strikingly coherent classification, split clearly out-of each other Turoyo and you may Mandaic. The career of those languages beyond your NENA pale may be out of matter.
The levels that possess is mutual all over NENA is particularly epic whenever we consider the tremendous differences between the many dialects. The new dictate out-of most other dialects on NENA has been one another strong and you can greater, as well as the degree of common intelligibility ranging from languages can be very short. The countless common designs dispute strongly for a common provider away from the new NENA languages, in both an individual dialect or perhaps in several closely relevant dialects. Meanwhile, we can detect a handful of important packages of isoglosses and that represent the fresh borders from dialect teams.
a) The latest dialect of Halabja will not show certain extremely important designs and therefore are found through all remainder of the dialects. It will not setting a great CCiC-ce preterite from intransitive verbs (8), it has no b(it)- coming marker (10), and it has zero 3rd individual just one copula with step 1 (11). This really is the essential practical division ranging from dialects of NENA. It indicates your left languages means a team through which innovations give when you find yourself Halabja stayed unaffected because of the them.
